Arbutin

Arbutin is a naturally occurring compound found in the dried leaves of many plants, including bearberries, blueberries, cranberries, and pear trees. It is a glycoside, a type of compound derived from hydroquinone, a substance known for its skin-lightening properties. 

Arbutin can be made synthetically in a lab or derived from certain plants in the Ericaceae family. When applied topically, it inhibits tyrosinase and thus prevents the formation of melanin. 

Arbutin is considered the gold standard in skin-lightening agents and is believed to be one of the best alternatives to hydroquinone. It provides a similar skin-lightening effect to hydroquinone, without the risks. 

Alpha-arbutin can safely be used in face creams up to a maximum concentration of 2% and in body lotions up to a concentration of 0.5%. Beta-arbutin can be safely used in face creams up to a maximum concentration of 7%. 

Both forms of arbutin are used to treat hyperpigmentation skin problems such as melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH).